Following are the research achievements of the Institute:
- Plant Pathology Section, PPRI, Faisalabad
- More than 1600 plant samples analyzed including tubers, leaves, roots & soils for diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes.
Diseases identification
- Identified 33 fungal diseases across 18 crop plants, 4 bacterial infections in 4 crops, and 1 parasitic nematode affecting 3 crops, based on disease symptoms and morphology of the pathogens/agents, Table 1.
Table 1: Diseases identification and their spreading nature in different crops
|
Sr. # |
Disease |
Causal agent |
Spreading Nature |
Crop |
|
Fungal pathogens |
||||
|
1 |
Loose smut |
Ustilago tritici |
Air & seed borne |
Wheat |
|
2 |
Karnal bunt |
Tilletia indica |
Seed borne |
|
|
3 |
Red rot |
Colletotrichum falcatum |
Seed & soil borne |
Sugarcane |
|
4 |
Whip smut |
Sporisorium scitamineum |
Seed & soil borne |
|
|
5 |
Collar rot |
Sclerotium rolfsii |
Seed & soil borne |
Peas |
|
6 |
Powdery mildew |
Erysiphe polygoni |
Air borne |
|
|
7 |
Late blight |
Phytophthora infestans |
Air & soil borne |
Tomato |
|
8 |
Early blight |
Alternaria solani |
Air borne |
|
|
9 |
Wilt |
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. |
Soil borne |
|
|
10 |
Botrytis blight |
Botrytis cinerea |
Air & soil borne |
|
|
11 |
Collar rot |
Sclerotium rolfsii |
Soil borne |
Lentil |
|
12 |
Rust |
Uromyces viciae-fabae |
Air borne |
|
|
13 |
Grey mold |
Botrytis cinerea |
Air & soil borne |
|
|
14 |
Stemphylium blight |
Stemphylium vesicarium |
Air, soil & seed borne |
Onion |
|
15 |
Purple blotch |
Alternaria porri |
Air, soil & seed borne |
|
|
16 |
Stalk rot |
Fusarium graminearum |
Soil borne |
Maize |
|
17 |
Collar rot |
Sclerotium rolfsii |
Soil borne |
Gram |
|
18 |
Wilt & root rot complex |
Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, |
Soil borne |
|
|
19 |
Collar rot |
Sclerotium rolfsii |
Soil borne |
Mung |
|
20 |
Collar rot |
Sclerotium rolfsii |
Soil borne |
Mash |
|
21 |
Root rot |
Athelia rolfsii, Fusarium fujikuroi, & Aspergillus terreus |
Soil borne |
Peanut |
|
22 |
Blast |
Pyricularia oryzae |
Air borne & seed borne |
Rice |
|
23 |
Sheath blight |
Rhizoctonia solani |
Soil borne |
|
|
24 |
Brown leaf spot |
Bipolaris oryzae |
Air borne & seed borne |
|
|
25 |
Stem rot |
Sclerotium oryzae |
Soil borne |
|
|
26 |
Leaf spot |
Mycosphaerella fragariae |
Soil borne |
Strawberry |
|
27 |
Grey mold |
Botrytis cinerea |
Air borne |
|
|
28 |
Downy mildew |
Pseudoperonospora Cubensis |
Air & soil borne |
Musk melon |
|
29 |
Powdery mildew |
Podosphaera xanthii |
Air borne |
|
|
30 |
Powdery mildew |
Erysiphe cichoracearum/Sphaerotheca fuliginea |
Air borne |
Water melon |
|
31 |
Downy mildew |
Plasmopara viticola |
Air borne |
Grapes |
|
32 |
Root rot |
Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium |
Soil borne |
Okra |
|
33 |
Dieback |
Botryodiplodia theobromae |
Soil borne |
Shisham |
|
Bacterial Pathogens |
||||
|
1 |
Cotton bacterial blight |
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv malvacearum |
Air & soil borne |
Cotton |
|
2 |
Rice bacterial blight |
Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae |
Air & soil borne |
Rice |
|
3 |
Mung bacterial Wilt |
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens |
Seed borne |
Mung bean |
|
4 |
Mash bacterial Wilt |
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens |
Seed borne |
Mash bean |
|
Nematodes infestation |
||||
|
1 |
Root knot nematode |
Meloidogyne incognita |
Soil borne |
Tomato |
|
2 |
Root knot nematode |
Meloidogyne incognita |
Soil borne |
Carrot |
|
3 |
Root knot nematode |
Meloidogyne incognita |
Soil borne |
Radish |
Morphology of the pathogens
- Differentiated various isolates of Colletotrichum falcatum, based on types of conidia, isolated from red rot infected sugarcanes.
Biocontrol agents of plants diseases
- Explored impact of 4 biocontrol agents, i.e., Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter sp. Rhizobium sp. against infestation caused by Meloidogyne incognita in eggplant, Bacillus subtilis gave most effective control with minimum production of root knots.
Resistance potential identification
- Reported resistance potential against 20 fungal diseases, in 2076 advanced breeding lines of 11 different crop plants, recorded resistant type reaction in 216 advanced lines, Table 2.
Table 2. Resistance potential against fungal diseases in advanced lines of different crops
|
Sr. # |
Disease |
Causal agent |
Crop |
No. tested lines |
No. resistant lines |
Name resistant lines |
|
1 |
Loose smut |
Ustilago tritici |
Wheat |
16 |
3 |
5309, HYT20-19, 17C090 |
|
2 |
Karnal bunt |
Tilletia indica |
15 |
1 |
FSD-2008 |
|
|
3 |
Red rot |
Colletotrichum falcatum |
Sugarcane |
18 |
14 |
PSR-07, SP-93, 08US-133, SL-426, M-42, CP-1101, 08AUS-130, 02US-133, SPF6-um, S-54, Co-238, FD-18, 02-US -133, 06SPF302 |
|
4 |
Whip smut |
Sporisorium scitamineum |
18 |
12 |
03-US633, PSR-07, 03US-658, SA-111, SL-426, SP-93, US-54, CP-1101, 08AUS-130, RMC-87/559, 02US-133, CO238 |
|
|
5 |
Collar rot |
Sclerotium rolfsii |
Peas |
15 |
6 |
No.267, FS-8187 Samrina Zard, F-16, Sarsabz, P-09 |
|
6 |
Powdery mildew |
Erysiphe polygoni |
10 |
1 |
Azad P1 |
|
|
7 |
Late blight |
Phytophthora infestans |
Tomato |
40 |
2 |
Salar, LITTH- 645 |
|
8 |
Early blight |
Alternaria solani |
40 |
1 |
LITTH-646 |
|
|
9 |
Wilt |
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. |
273 |
59 |
LITTH-646, LITTH-648, LITTH-649, LITTH-650, LITTH-652, LITTH-653, LITTH-657, LITTH-658, LITTH-660, LITTH-664, LITTH-668, LITTH-671, LITTH-673, LITTH-676, LITTH-678, LITTH-572, LITTH-580, LITTH-559, Sahel, LPP# 12005, 12011, 12017, 12025, 12034, 12053, 12072, 12082, 12091, 12120, 12127, 12143, 12161, 12176, 12205, 12216, 12004, 12005, 12009, 12011, 12012, 12016, 12020, 12022, 12030, 12031, 12038, 12043, 12045, 12053, 12061, 12062, 12068, 12071, 12076, 12090, 12099, 12100, 12104, 12105. |
|
|
10 |
Botrytis blight |
Botrytis cinerea |
40 |
4 |
LITTH-645, LITTH-646, LITTH-648, LITTH-611 |
|
|
11 |
Collar rot |
Sclerotium rolfsii |
Lentil |
233 |
36 |
12106, 12107, 12110, 12115, 12120, 12126, 12127, 12129, 12130, 12136, 12137, 12143, 12144, 12145, 12152, 12153, 12161, 12167, 12168, 12169, 12182, 12183, 12187, 12188, 12190, 12191, 12198, 12201, 12205, 12208, 12213, 12215, 12219, 12221, 12223, 12225 |
|
12 |
Rust |
Uromyces viciae-fabae |
260 |
7 |
LPP#12012,12013,12025,12040,12074,12099, 12108 |
|
|
13 |
Grey mold |
Botrytis cinerea |
260 |
22 |
LPP # 12011, 12012, 12018, 12019, 12025, 12026, 12030, 12036, 12040, 12044, 12051, 12052, 12059, 12075, 12083, 12085, 12094, 12104, 12108, 12113, 12164, 12188 |
|
|
14 |
Stemphylium blight |
Stemphylium vesicarium |
Onion |
10 |
1 |
VRIO-4 |
|
15 |
Stalk rot |
Fusarium graminearum |
Maize |
16 |
5 |
FH-1400, FH-1731, FH-1743, FH-1962, FH-1935 |
|
16 |
Collar rot |
Sclerotium rolfsii |
Gram |
30 |
9 |
AZRI-CH-4/2020, PCK-19005, PCK-17002, AZRI-CH-10/2020 AZRI-CH-1/2020, AZRI-CH-8/2020, PCK-01216, PCK-19009, COOP-18, PCK-18020 |
|
17 |
Wilt & root rot complex |
Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, |
12 |
6 |
D-18009, D-18008, D-18020, D-18036, D-1807, D-18032 |
|
|
18 |
Collar rot |
Sclerotium rolfsii |
Mung |
50 |
6 |
S-907, 6163-B-4, E-86, Kark-2, Kark-1, LX No-10-76 |
|
19 |
Collar rot |
Sclerotium rolfsii |
Mash |
20 |
10 |
19M003, 19M011, 18M013, 18M014, 19M007, Mash SPN-2, 19M005, AARIM-02, AARIM-03, AARIM-12 |
|
20 |
Dieback |
Botryodiplodia theobromae |
Shisham |
700 |
11 |
PFRI-1 to PFRI-11 |
- Reported resistance potential against 2 bacterial diseases (2 bacterial pathogens), in 41 advanced breeding lines of 3 different crops, recorded resistant type reaction in 7 advanced lines, Table 3.
Table 3. Resistance potential against bacterial diseases in advanced lines of crops
|
Sr. # |
Disease |
Causal agent |
Crop |
No. of tested lines |
No. of resistant lines |
Name of resistant lines |
|
1 |
Bacterial blight |
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv malvacearum |
Cotton |
20 |
4 |
FH-326, FH-468, FH-328, FH-142 |
|
2 |
Bacterial Wilt |
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens |
Mung |
6 |
2 |
07002, 07006 |
|
3 |
Bacterial Wilt |
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens |
Mash |
15 |
1 |
16M009 |
- Reported resistance against one disease caused by root knot nematode, in 35 advanced breeding lines of 3 different crops, recorded resistant type reaction in 11 advanced lines, Table 4.
Table 4. Resistance potential against diseases caused by nematodes in advanced lines of crops
|
Sr. # |
Disease |
Causal agent |
Crop |
No. tested lines |
No. resistant lines |
Name resistant lines |
|
1 |
Root knot |
Meloidogyne incognita |
Tomato |
25 |
8 |
18277, 20330, 20321, 19301, 20331, 20325, 20324, 20334 |
|
2 |
Root knot |
Meloidogyne incognita |
Carrot |
5 |
1 |
T-29 |
|
3 |
Root knot |
Meloidogyne incognita |
Radish |
5 |
2 |
Miun Japani, Manwari long diet |
Chemical control
- Explored different antifungal chemicals for control of fungal infections in crops, and in this instance, more than 30 types of chemicals alone or in combination were experienced as preventive & curative against more than 38 types of fungal infections in 21 crops, Table 5.
Table 5. Chemical treatment for management of fungal diseases in diverse crop plants
|
Sr. # |
Disease |
Chemical |
Product |
Nature |
Dose/liter H2O |
Crop |
|
1 |
Twig & stem blight |
difenoconazole |
Score 250 EC |
Preventive & curative |
1 mL |
Cotton |
|
2 |
Stem rot |
sulphur |
Kumulus DF |
Preventive |
4 gm |
Rice |
|
3 |
Brown leaf Spot |
tebuconazole |
Tebuconazole 250 EC |
Preventive & curative |
2 mL |
|
|
azoxystrobin+difenoconazole |
Rumble 40 SC |
Preventive & curative |
1 mL |
|||
|
epoxiconazole+pyraclostrobin |
Greenopas 17%SE |
Preventive & curative |
3 mL |
|||
|
Nitosuper 22 SC |
2 mL |
|||||
|
4 |
Blast |
azoxystrobin+difenoconazole |
Rumble 40 SC |
Preventive & curative |
1 mL |
|
|
pyraclostrobin |
Seltima 9.5 CS |
Preventive & curative |
4 mL |
|||
|
Nito super 22 SC |
2 mL |
|||||
|
isoprothiolane |
Fuji one 40 EC |
Preventive & curative |
4.8 mL |
|||
|
5 |
Yellow Rust |
propiconazole |
Tilt 250 EC |
Preventive & curative |
1 mL |
Wheat |
|
6 |
Brown Rust |
propiconazole |
Tilt 250 EC |
Preventive & curative |
1 mL |
|
|
7 |
Collar Rot |
metalaxyl-M + mancozeb |
Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG |
Preventive & curative |
2 gm |
Chilies |
|
8 |
Gray Mold |
azoxystrobin+difenoconazole |
Amistar Top 325 SC |
Preventive & curative |
2 mL |
|
|
9 |
Anthracnose |
thiophanate methyl |
Topsin-M 70 WP |
Preventive & curative |
2 gm |
|
|
10 |
Collar Rot |
mandipropamid |
Revus 240ML |
Preventive & curative |
2.5 ml |
Pea |
|
11 |
Powdery Mildew |
pyraclostrobin+metiram |
Cabrio Top 60 WDG |
Preventive & curative |
2.5 gm |
|
|
12 |
Late Blight |
metalaxyl-M+mancozeb |
Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG |
Preventive & curative |
2.5 gm |
Tomato |
|
azoxystrobin+difenoconazole |
Rumble 40 SC |
Preventive & curative |
1 mL |
|||
|
13 |
Early Blight |
pyraclostrobin+tebuconazole |
Pyrazole 45 WP |
Preventive & curative |
1 gm |
|
|
azoxystrobin+difenoconazole |
Rumble 40 SC |
Preventive & curative |
1 mL |
|||
|
14 |
Gray Mold |
metalaxyl-M+mancozeb |
Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG |
Preventive & curative |
2.5 gm |
|
|
15 |
Late Blight |
metalaxyl-M+mancozeb |
Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG |
Preventive & curative |
2 gm |
Potato |
|
16 |
Early Blight |
pyraclostrobin+tebuconazole |
Pyrazole 45 WP |
Preventive & curative |
1 gm |
|
|
17 |
Gray Mold |
azoxystrobin+difenoconazole |
Amistar Top 325 SC |
Preventive & curative |
2 mL |
|
|
18 |
Powdery Mildew |
sulphur |
Kumulus DF |
Preventive |
3 gm |
Muskmelon |
|
Waffla 28.5 SC |
200 mL |
|||||
|
tebuconazole+trifloxystrobin |
Consist 500 SC |
Preventive & curative |
1 mL |
|||
|
metalaxyl+copper oxide |
Ultimate 60 WP |
Preventive & curative |
1 gm |
|||
|
mefentrifluconazole |
Belanty 400 SC |
Preventive & curative |
1.5 mL |
|||
|
19 |
Collar Rot |
mandipropamid |
Revus 240ML |
Preventive & curative |
2.5 mL |
|
|
20 |
Downy mildew |
Instinct 27.5% SC |
2 mL |
|||
|
metiram |
Polyram 70 DF |
2 mL |
||||
|
mandipropamid+cymoxanil |
Revus Start Pepite 200 GM |
Preventive & curative |
1 gm |
|||
|
21 |
Powdery mildew |
metiram |
Polyram 70 DF |
Preventive & curative |
2 mL |
Water melon |
|
22 |
Myrothecium leaf spot |
tebuconazole |
Folicur 250 EC |
Preventive & curative |
3 gm |
Bitter gourd |
|
23 |
Downy Mildew |
metalaxyl-M+mancozeb |
Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG |
Preventive & curative |
2.5 gm |
Cucurbits |
|
24 |
Powdery Mildew |
sulphur |
Kumulus DF |
Preventive |
3 gm |
Carrot |
|
25 |
Blight |
tebuconazole+trifloxystrobin |
Nativo 75 WG |
Preventive & curative |
1 gm |
|
|
26 |
Purple Blotch |
difenoconazole |
Score 250 EC |
Preventive & curative |
1 mL |
Onion |
|
adepidyn+difenoconazole |
Miravis Duo 200 SC |
Preventive & curative |
2 mL |
|||
|
27 |
Downy Mildew |
fosetyl aluminum |
Aliette 80 WP |
Preventive |
2 gm |
|
|
28 |
Rust |
penconazole |
Topas 100 EC |
1 mL |
Garlic |
|
|
29 |
Stemphylium Blight |
pyraclostrobin+tebuconazole |
Pyrazole 45 WP |
Preventive & curative |
1 gm |
|
|
30 |
Downy Mildew |
dimethomorph+mancozeb |
Acrobat MZ 90/600 WP |
Preventive & curative |
3 gm |
Cauliflower |
|
31 |
Withertip |
thiophanate methyl |
Topsin-M 70 WP |
Preventive & curative |
2 gm |
Citrus |
|
32 |
Scab |
propineb |
Antracol 70WP |
Preventive |
2 gm |
|
|
33 |
Crown& stem rot |
difenoconazole |
Score 250 EC |
Preventive & curative |
1 mL |
Berseem |
|
34 |
Phomopsis rot |
pyraclostrobin+tebuconazole |
Pyrazole 45 WP |
Preventive & curative |
1 gm |
Sunflower |
|
35 |
Stem Rot |
tebuconazole+trifloxystrobin |
Nativo 75 WG |
Preventive & curative |
1 gm |
Sesame |
|
36 |
Downy mildew |
metiram |
Polyram DF 70 WDG |
Preventive & curative |
2 mL |
Grapes |
|
37 |
Leaf blight |
ametoctradin+dimethomorph |
Enervin duo 47.1% SC |
Preventive |
4 mL |
|
|
38 |
Root rot |
flutriafol |
Identity 12.5% FS |
Preventive & curative |
2 gm |
Okra |