Water Management Research Farm, (WMRF), Renala Khurd, Okara

BRIEF

Agriculture is among the main forces behind Pakistan's economic growth. Since it uses over 91% of the water supplies that are available, it is primarily reliant on water. Water scarcity, declining water productivity, and inefficient irrigation practices pose serious challenges to sustainable agricultural production, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Climate change–induced variability in rainfall, rising temperatures, and increasing competition for water further exacerbate the pressure on limited water resources. Traditional flood irrigation methods dominate farming systems, leading to excessive water losses through evaporation, seepage, and runoff. For farms to properly use water, a valuable natural resource, water management is a crucial issue that requires concentrated attention. Water development, conservation, and utilization are essential to the nation's economy because they improve agricultural output, which provides almost 80% of the nation's food needs. For irrigated agriculture, the nation's water supplies are finite and steadily depleting. Due to the rapidly expanding population, rising needs for a variety of applications brought on by the ongoing development in people's quality of life, and growing industry demands, it will soon become a scarce resource for agricultural productivity under irrigated agriculture. The primary obstacles to low water productivity from highly productive agricultural areas are poor irrigation efficiency, over/under irrigation, and insufficient water availability for crop production in the face of numerous new problems to irrigated agriculture, such as food security and climate change. The fact that around half of water is lost during conveyance, application, and agricultural cultivation is concerning. As a result, crop yields per acre and per cubic meter of water are significantly below international standards and even below those of nearby nations. However, thorough investigation and an understanding of the underlying mechanisms are urgently needed. 
    In order to address the significant problems of ineffective irrigation techniques, stagnant water productivity, and the increased expense of contemporary water management technologies, the Water Management Research Farm (WMRF), located in Renala Khurd, Okara, was founded in 2009-10 for the purpose of conducting research and demonstrating contemporary water management interventions. Major infrastructure has been developed under the World Bank assisted project “Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project” since 2014. At WMRF, the effectiveness of soil moisture measurement devices is also being assessed in order to provide irrigation water at the appropriate time based on crop water requirements. At WMRF, stakeholders are periodically given hands-on training to ensure the smooth adoption of new processes and technology.  The farm encompasses training facilities and accommodation facilities for 25-30 trainees and two lecture halls for about 25 participants each.

MISSION “More Crop Per Drop”

OBJECTIVES

• Pilot testing/ indigenization of new water management technologies/ techniques
• Applied research for resolution of issues faced by the farmers in adoption of OFWM interventions
• Demonstration of modern/ improved on-farm water management technologies/ practices
• Practical training of farmers and OFWM field staff
• Collaboration with national and international research institutions

FACILITIES AVAILABLE FOR WATER SAVING AND COMMUNITY AWARENESS
Drip Irrigation systems Drip irrigation systems are used to apply water directly to the plant root zone in small, controlled amounts, improving water efficiency and crop performance. Their main uses include: efficient water use: Minimizes water losses due to evaporation, runoff, and deep percolation compared to flood or sprinkler irrigation. It allows precise control of timing and quantity of water according to crop water requirements. Improving crop yield and quality. It maintains optimal soil moisture, reducing plant stress and enhancing growth. It enables application of fertilizers through irrigation water, improving nutrient use efficiency. It has 90% irrigation efficiency.
Automated Drip Irrigation System An automatic drip irrigation system is an advanced irrigation method that delivers water to crops automatically based on time, soil moisture, or crop water demand, without the need for manual operation. It Supplies the exact amount of water needed by plants at the right time. It reduces water wastage through evaporation, runoff, and over-irrigation. It eliminates manual opening and closing of valves. Maintains optimum soil moisture in the root zone. Allows automatic application of fertilizers through the system. It adapts irrigation to weather and soil conditions
Central Pivot (CP) Irrigation System It is a mechanized method of irrigation in which water is applied to crops through a rotating sprinkler system that moves in a circular pattern around a fixed central point. It consists of Pivot Point, Span Towers, Sprinklers/Nozzles, Drive System, Control Panel, End Gun, Water is pumped from a source (well, canal, or reservoir) to the central pivot. It flows through the pipeline mounted on towers
Eddy Covariance Flux Tower system It is a scientific method used to measure the exchange (flux) of gases, energy, and water between the land surface and the atmosphere. It is widely used in agriculture, forestry, climate research, and hydrology. It calculates actual evaporation which is very useful for irrigation scheduling and to calculate quantity of water to be applied.
Drone (For Measuring Crop Health and Crop Nutrition) Agricultural drones are unmanned aerial systems equipped with specialized sensors and imaging technology that allow farmers to monitor crop health, apply inputs with precision, and collect field data for data-driven decision-making. These platforms improve farming efficiency by identifying issues at early stage, reducing input costs, and optimizing resource management across agricultural operations.
EnviroSCAN It is used for continuously monitoring water, temperature and salinity levels at various depths within a soil profile.  EnviroSCAN probe has proven instrumental in achieving water savings of 30-50% and significant improvements in crop yield and quality. What sets the EnviroSCAN probe apart from other options on the market is that it is the only commercially available product that can monitor soil properties at considerable depths, up to 40 meters, with the convenience of a single profiling probe. Horizontal, fully buried installation of probes is also possible.
Velocity Probe Meter It is consists of a protected water turbo prop positive displacement sensor coupled with an expandable probe handle ending in a digital readout display. The water flow meter incorporates true velocity averaging for the most accurate flow measurements. The Flow Probe is ideal for stormwater runoff studies, sewer flow measurements, measuring flows in rivers and streams, and monitoring velocity in ditches and canals.
Chameleon Wi-Fi Reader The Chameleon Wi-Fi Reader is the tool at the core of the VIA’s advanced-level system. It uses colour LED’s to provide the farmer with the information required to make a decision e.g. How dry is the soil now?. It saves sensor data in the reader and transfer this data to the VIA cloud via Wi-Fi for wider and longer-term benefits. The reader measures a sensor array comprised of three Chameleon Soil Water Sensors and one temperature and ID sensor. The three soil water sensors are typically buried at different depths in the field (eg. 20, 40 and 60cm). The temperature sensor is recommended to be buried at the middle level for temperature compensation of the soil moisture readings.
Wetting Front Detector The FullStop™ Wetting Front Detector shows how deep-water infiltrates into the soil after irrigation or rain. It takes a soil water sample so that the movement of plant nutrients and salt through the soil can be monitored. It is used to find out if you are irrigating too little or too much, to assist in the management of fertilizer and salt and show if the soil is water-logged. It is comprised of a probe from where sample of nitrates can be taken for fertilizer contents analysis.
Handy Soil Moisture Meter A handy soil moisture meter is a portable instrument used to quickly measure the moisture content of soil in the field. It provides real-time information on soil water status, which helps in making timely and accurate irrigation decisions. The meter is used by inserting its probe vertically into the soil to the desired root-zone depth, ensuring good contact between the sensor and the soil. After insertion, the moisture reading is displayed either on a digital screen or an analog scale, depending on the model. Measurements should be taken at multiple locations within a field to account for soil variability.
Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) gadget  It is a managed irrigation technique by which irrigation is done according to the level of water in a pipe segment, called AWD pipe, locally pronounced as pani pipe. Instead of continuous flooding. fields are allowed to dry intermittently before re-irrigation. Maintain a shallow standing water or a dry period based on soil/field indicators. It is used in rice farming to reduce water use without affecting yield. The duration of the non-flooded period varies (1 to 10+ days) based on soil type, weather, and crop stage. After irrigation, when the water level drops ̴15 cm below the soil surface, re-flood the field up to 5-7 cm depth. It can save irrigation water up to 30%.
Conductivity, Temperature and Depth driver (CTD) It provides real-time information about ground water depth, temperature and ground water salinity. It consists of Conductivity Sensor which measures electrical conductivity of water, Temperature Sensor that measures water temperature accurately, Pressure Sensor which calculates depth from water pressure Data Logger which stores measurements.

ORGANIZATIONAL HIERARCHY

Research Publications

1. Evaluation of different irrigation methods for water productivity and marketable yield of potato (Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology)  https://www.pshsciences.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/JHST2020-105.pdf   
2. Improving yield and quality of maize by different drip-fertigation rates of N, P and K fertilizers (Soil & Environment) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341648586_Improving_yield_and_quality_of_maize_by_different_drip-fertigation_rates_of_N_P_and_K_fertilizers
3. Evaluation of Different Planting Geometries and Fertilizer Application Rates for Water Productivity and Yield Attributes of Cotton under Surface Drip Irrigation (Journal of Arable Crops and Marketing) https://www.esciencepress.net/journals/JACM/article/view/4166
4. On Farm Water Management in Pakistan - An Overview (International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Sciences)  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367331776
5. Evaluation of water productivity and yield of citrus reticulate blanco under two soil moisture depletion levels and fertilizer doses (International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369401068 
6. Response of drip-irrigated maize to different soil moisture depletion levels in autumn and spring season in loam soil (Soil & Environment) https://www.bing.com/search?q=Response+of+drip-irrigated+maize+to+different+soil+moisture+depletion+levels+in+autumn+and+spring+season+in+loam+soil&cvid=64caea90c708456ba8c576a5621ee6cd&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQ6wcYQNIBBzU3N2owajSoAgiwAgE&FORM=ANAB01&PC=SCOODB
7. Optimization of Water Depletion Level and Nutrient Requirement in Drip-Irrigated High Dense Kinnow Orchard (Journal of Innovative Sciences) https://researcherslinks.com/current-issues/optimization-water-depletion-level-nutrient-requirement/27/1/5425/html
8. Nitrogen use efficiency in crop production: issues and challenges in South Asia (Book Chapter Nitrogen Assessment Pakistan as a Case Study (Book Name) (Elsevier Publications) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128244173000095?via%3Dihub 
9. Comparative biocidal potentials of some synthetic insecticides against maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) under field conditions (Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364659182
10. Pruning Management in Psidium guajava L. Orchards—an Overview (Gesunde Pflanzen) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10343-022-00801-4
11. Appraisal of some granular insecticides against yellow-stem borer and crop water productivity of rice under two irrigation regimes (Journal of Global Innovation and Agriculture Science) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372942797
12. Study of Shade Effect of North, South, East and West Open Plants on Adjacent Internal Plants of Densely Grown Citrus Orchard (American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences) https://www.idosi.org/aejaes/jaes23(1)23/4.pdf
13. Empowering Women in Agriculture: A Pathway to Rural Development in Pakistan (Humanity & Social Sciences Journal) https://www.idosi.org/hssj/hssj17%281%2922/1.pdf
14. Globalization and Socio-Economic Status of Agricultural Community of Pakistan - An Overview (World Journal of Agricultural Sciences) https://www.idosi.org/wjas/wjas19(2)23/5.pdf
15. Zinc oxide nanoparticles: a unique saline stress mitigator with the potential to increase future crop production (South African Journal of Botany) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629923003174
16. Nurturing Prosperity: Revitalizing Pakistani Agriculture Through Empowering Farmers (World Journal of Agricultural Sciences) https://www.idosi.org/wjas/wjas19(3)23/5.pdf
17. Evaluation of NPK Levels and Irrigation Scheduling to Improve Water Productivity in Drip Irrigated Maize (World Applied Sciences Journal) https://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj41(1)23/2.pdf
18. Appraisal of some granular insecticides against yellow-stem borer and Crop Water Productivity of Rice under two irrigation regimes (Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural Sciences) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372942797
19. Comparative Efficacy of granular Insecticides against maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) under high efficiency irrigation system (Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences) https://api.pakjas.com.pk/downloadPaper/Paper-7565806617-2023-12-11.pdf
20. Impact of Deficit Irrigations on Yield and Water Productivity of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Drip Irrigation (Journal of Arable Crops and Marketing) https://esciencepress.net/journals/JACM/article/view/4687
21. Sustainable Water Solutions for Agriculture in Pakistan: An Overview (Journal of Innovative Sciences) https://researcherslinks.com/current-issues/Sustainable-Water-Solutions-for-Agriculture/27/8/10156/html
22. Evaluation of Yield, Quality and Water Productivity of Responsive Drip Irrigation and Furrow Irrigation in Bitter Gourd (Journal of Innovative Biology and Environmental Sciences) https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=22.%09Evaluation+of+Yield%2C+Quality+and+Water+Productivity+of+Responsive+Drip+Irrigation+and+Furrow+Irrigation+in+Bitter+Gourd&btnG=
23. Comparative Efficacy of Synthetic Insecticides Against Helicoverpa Armigera and Estimation of Crop Water Productivity Under Different Irrigation Regimes (Research Paper) https://define.pk/document.php?id=107324&type=article&jid=8
24. Standardization of Pruning in Dense, High Dense, and Ultra-High Dense Psidium guajava L. Orchards under Drip Irrigation (Applied Fruit Science) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10341-025-01513-5
25. Response of maize to ridge-furrow planting with surface drip irrigation system in semi-arid conditions of upper Indus basin (Experimental Biology) https://define.pk/document.php?id=426823&type=article&jid=7
26.  Influence of Different Irrigation Methods on Yield and Water productivity of Mungbeen (Experimental Biology) https://ijeb.online/index.php/IJEB/article/view/14
27. Impact of Different Planting Geometries of Wheat on Aphid Population Incidence and Estimation Crop Water Productivity under Different Irrigation Regimes (Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Science) https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=+Impact+of+Different+Planting+Geometries+of+Wheat+on+Aphid+Population+Incidence+and+Estimation+Crop+Water+Productivity+under+Different+Irrigation+Regimes+&btnG=  
28. Comparative Trapping Potentials of Different Pheromone-Incorporated Traps Against Fruit Fly and Estimation of CropWater Productivity of Guava Under a High Efficiency Irrigation System (Applied Fruit Science) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10341-025-01611-4

Internships completed for research under the supervision of Director Farms, WMRF

Research of Ph. D. and M. Sc. (Hons) students under the Supervision of Director Farms, WMRF

Farm income target achieved

Research collaborations

• International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
• Asian Development Bank (ADB)
• Punjab Seed Corporation, Sahiwal
• Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS)
• Fauji Fresh n Freeze Limited
• University of Agriculture, Faisalabad and Depalpur, Campus
• University of Okara, Okara
• Punjab Agriculture Research Board (PARB)
• National University of Science and Technology (NUST)

On-going research trails for 2025-26 at WMRF (Kharif)

• Improving Crop Water Productivity of Cotton under Different Source-Sink relationship and Irrigation Methods
• Green House Gases (GHG) Emission measurement and Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) in Rice-Wheat Cropping System of Punjab, Pakistan (In collaboration with ADB and UAF)
• Optimization of depletion level under Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Rice in loamy soil condition of Punjab, Pakistan 
• Farm Precision Irrigation and Sustainable Water Management at well-drained loamy soil for Rice Crop (in collaboration with Ph. D. scholars of The Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy)
• Enhancing Water Use Efficiency of Paddy under Innovative Sowing Practices and Different Irrigation Methods (in collaboration with Ph. D. scholars of The Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy)

On-going research trails for 2025-26 at WMRF (Rabi)

• Evaluating the Performance of Bed-Planted Wheat with Single and Double Laterals in Drip Irrigation System in arable soil
• Optimization of Cut-Off Value for Basin Irrigation for Enhancing Water Productivity of Wheat in Loamy Soil
• Influence of Bed-Width on Agronomic Performance and Water Use Efficiency of Wheat in Loamy Soil
• Transitioning from Food irrigation to Drip irrigation system in Potato for improvement of Crop yield and Water productivity
• Transitioning from Flood irrigation to Center Pivot irrigation system in potato for improvement of crop yield and water productivity
• Farm Precision Irrigation and Sustainable Water Management at arable soil for Wheat Crop (in collaboration with Ph. D. scholars of The Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy)
• Comparison of Water Productivity of Guava under Drip and Flood Irrigation under heading-back 
• Comparison of irrigation scheduling based on soil moisture gadget and evapotranspiration (ET) from Literature with conventional irrigation method for evaluation of Crop Water Productivity (in collaboration with Ph. D. scholars of The Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy)

Projects completed

Digital Technological Solutions for Promotion of Precision Agriculture

• Intervention of digital automation technology in irrigation system as compared to traditional furrow irrigation practices
• To digitalize technological solutions for precision agriculture through sensors by precise application of inputs 
• Development of digital mobile application for community services in agriculture

Components of PARB Project

• A manual gated pipe irrigation system 
• Automated gated pipe 
• Automated Naka for diversion of water 
• Calibration of mobile application for agriculture advisory services 

Water Productivity Enhancement through Regenerative Climate smart Agriculture (WP-RCA) (Pilot Project)

• ADP funded project
• Total cost Rs 51.9 million 
• Project Duration 2022-23 to 2024-25

Major components/ activities 

• Pilot Testing and Demonstration of Automated Systems for Water Accounting & Budgeting and Irrigation Scheduling
• Demonstrate and Pilot Test of Precision Agriculture Machinery 
• Training and Capacity Building on Regenerative Agriculture, Precision Agriculture, Remote Sensing/ GIS and Climate Smart Interventions/ Technologies.

Pilot Testing of Innovative Technologies to Improve Water Use Efficiency 

Developed 18 TTCs at 9 Tehsils attached with LBD Canal system with:

• (EnviroSCAN, Soil testing Kits, Moisture meter, Digital flow meter, Flume, Pipe Nakka) 
• Farming community near TTCs were trained to use soil moisture sensors
• Border Designs were developed/improved 
• Improved Water productivity by using soil moisture gadgets, which has great impact on the farming community for poverty alleviation.
• Farmers can irrigate fields according to the needs of the crop by using mobile phones as the EnviroSCAN is connected by mobile data

Contact Us

Directorate of Farms,
Address: Water Management Research Farm, (WMRF), Renala Khurd, Okara, Pakistan
Email: researchfarmrenala@gmail.com   
Phone: +92-333-8960403